The former player: 'I really hoped to continue my rugby career'
Important note: This piece includes descriptions of racially offensive comments and conduct
Ex-England player Luther Burrell states that speaking out to expose racial discrimination in professional rugby brought his career to an premature end.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell characterized racism as being "widespread" in the sport, showing Whatsapp messages and remembering training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while representing Newcastle.
Then 34 and without a team, Burrell's only professional rugby since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to retire because of what went on," he told media outlets.
"I really wanted to carry on playing, of course I did. I sought that, and it collapsed when word came out that there were investigations going on.
"That was challenging - I had to just accept the fate and accept that this whole situation is a lot more important than me."
A rugby governing body report in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were accurate "on the balance of probability", but said it could not gather enough proof to categorically say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's Six Nations games in 2014-15, but was controversially excluded for their squad for the 2015 tournament
Burrell revealed to media he also faced prejudice within the England team environment, during a Test career that saw him win 15 appearances after his debut in 2014.
"I've had multiple distressing experiences within the national team," he said.
"Some discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become normalised in team environments, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been disguised as banter and that's been the issue that I've personally suffered and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican descent.
"During a extended period you just begin to believe that it's the norm and that is acceptable and that it's not harmful, but that's incorrect."
Burrell explains he was eventually spurred to go public after a fellow player at Newcastle called him as a "enslaved person" and told him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "a deeper look at the environment within the professional level and to the implementation of an strategy for the professional game."
"The organization has placed considerable attention on diversity and diversity in rugby union and a substantial amount of work undertaken both prior and since Luther Burrell came forward and revealed his encounters of racism and class discrimination," it added.
"We are ongoing work with clubs and stakeholders in the elite level to work for a culture of inclusivity but acknowledge this requires patience and is an ongoing process."
Every Premiership and PWR club now has face-to-face education on building inclusive environments, with its effectiveness monitored via individual reports and surveys.
All England players, including youth squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to intervene and defend others from damaging behaviour.
"You should be so proud of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the documentary Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this impact on you and finished your career, but in our view, you have achieved so much. We are so proud of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's dad Geoff passed away shortly after the production of the film, and his sister passed away recently.
Burrell, who was raised on a council estate in Huddersfield, continues his work to make the sport more open.
His 12 Foundation works to reach young people in under-served communities and support them thrive on and off the field with complimentary sports coaching, mentoring and dietary education.
"My personal motivations are genuine, I want to see the evolution of the game and if others is willing to share their story then I'll continue to fight that fight because I'm not just pursuing this for my own benefit," he said.
"We have an obligation to make the game as great as it can be and the longer I speak about it perhaps the more comfortable others will become about discussing their personal stories as well.
"I need to grab the bull by the horns and keep bearing this flag and continue supporting this responsibility and accomplish what I can to create possibilities and make the sport more attractive and more welcoming.
"There are a lot of disadvantaged children and a lot of economic hardship and I honestly believe that the sport has the ability to transform their lives, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in late 2022